Intrinsic value is the perceived or calculated value of an asset based on its underlying characteristics, fundamental factors, and future cash flow expectations, independent of its market price or prevailing market conditions. Intrinsic value represents the true worth or economic value of an asset to its owner, reflecting factors such as earnings potential, growth prospects, risk profile, and competitive advantages. Investors use various methods to estimate intrinsic value, including discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, comparable company analysis (CCA), net asset value (NAV) calculation, and dividend discount models (DDM), among others. Calculating intrinsic value involves analyzing relevant data, making assumptions about future performance, and discounting expected cash flows to their present value using an appropriate discount rate. Intrinsic value serves as a fundamental benchmark